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Embedded journalism refers to news reporters being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts. While the term could be applied to many historical interactions between journalists and military personnel, it first came to be used in the media coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States military responded to pressure from the country's news media who were disappointed by the level of access granted during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. At the start of the war in March 2003, as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as embedded journalists.〔(Reporters, commentators visit Berkeley to conduct in-depth postmortem of Iraq war coverage )〕 These reporters signed contracts with the military promising not to report information that could compromise unit position, future missions, classified weapons, and information they might find.〔(Pros and Cons of Embedded Journalism )〕〔http://www.militarycity.com/iraq/1631270.html〕 Joint training for war correspondents started in November 2002 in advance of start of the war.〔(Flabby journalists sent to boot camp )〕 When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, "Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment."〔(Postmortem: Iraq war media coverage dazzled but it also obscured )〕 Gina Cavallaro, a reporter for the ''Army Times, ''said, "They’re (journalists ) relying more on the military to get them where they want to go, and as a result, the military is getting smarter about getting its own story told." But, she added, "I don't necessarily consider that a bad thing." == Military Control Exerted == The first journalist to run afoul of U.S. military rules in Iraq was freelancer Philip Smucker, travelling on assignment for the'' Christian Science Monitor ''with the 1st Marine Division. Smucker was not officially embedded, but all reporters in the theater of war were deemed subject to Pentagon oversight. On March 26, 2003, during an interview with CNN, Smucker disclosed the location of a Marine unit, as he'd also done during an interview with NPR. He was thereafter expelled.〔(Journalists Face the Challenges of Wartime Ethics: Journalists Pay the Consequences of Revealing "Too Much" )〕 Just four days later, Fox News Channel correspondent Geraldo Rivera similarly broadcast details from Iraq of the position and plans of U.S. troops. "Let me draw a few lines here for you," he said, making on-camera marks in the sand. "First, I want to make some emphasis here that these hash marks here, this is us. We own that territory. It's 40%, maybe even a little more than that." At another point, complained a CENTCOM spokesman, Rivera "actually revealed the time of an attack prior to its occurrence." Although Rivera—like Philip Smucker—was not officially embedded, he was swiftly escorted back to Kuwait.〔(A NATION AT WAR: COVERAGE; Pentagon Says Geraldo Rivera Will Be Removed From Iraq )〕 A week later, Rivera apologized. "I'm sorry that it happened," he said on Fox News Channel, "and I assure you that it was inadvertent. Nobody was hurt by what I said. No mission was compromised." However, a network review, he admitted, "showed that I did indeed break one of the rules related to embedment."〔(Geraldo: I Messed Up, But 'Nobody Was Hurt' )〕 In December 2005 the U.S. Coalition Forces Land Component Command in Kuwait pulled the credentials of two embedded journalists on a two-week assignment for the Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk, Virginia, claiming they violated the prohibition against photographing damaged vehicles.〔(MRE Criticizes Expelling of Embeds Over Pix of Shot-Up Humvee )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Embedded journalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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